Health Risks of Living Near AFFF Contamination Sites

For decades, Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) has been a firefighter’s trusted ally, effectively extinguishing dangerous blazes. However, a hidden danger lurks within this firefighting hero: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), a class of man-made chemicals. 

This article discusses the potential health risks associated with PFAS exposure from AFFF contamination. We’ll explore how residents can be exposed, the potential health effects they might face, and the uncertainties surrounding these risks. 

AFFF and PFAS – A Lingering Threat

AFFF is widely used in firefighting, particularly for extinguishing flammable liquid fires. Its effectiveness stems from the formation of a film that spreads over the surface of burning fuels, cutting off oxygen and suppressing the flames. However, the foam contains PFAS, which are known for their high persistence in the environment.

A new report published in the medical journal Nature Geoscience highlights that global levels of PFAS water contamination are likely underestimated. Researchers from the University of New South Wales analyzed data from 273 environmental studies involving surface and groundwater samples. 

They found that PFAS contamination is pervasive in surface and groundwaters worldwide, especially in Australia, China, Europe, and North America. Military bases, airports, and other sites where AFFF has been used are significant sources of PFAS runoff directly into the environment.

In the U.S., areas near known AFFF sources, like military bases, showed the highest PFAS contamination. Elevated levels were also found near factories and other production sites, even without a known source nearby. These findings indicate that some regions, particularly those near AFFF-using facilities, may be more contaminated than currently believed.

How Residents Get Exposed to PFAS

For residents living near AFFF contamination sites, PFAS exposure can occur through several alarming pathways.

The most direct and concerning route is through contaminated drinking water. PFAS can leach into groundwater sources, ultimately reaching household taps. Given our reliance on clean water for drinking and cooking, this poses a significant health risk.

Moreover, PFAS contamination is pervasive. They can adhere to soil particles and dust, which can be inhaled or inadvertently ingested, especially by children playing outdoors.

The threat extends beyond local environments. PFAS compounds have a troubling tendency to bioaccumulate. This means that plants grown in contaminated soil or animals raised near these sites can absorb these chemicals. Consuming contaminated fruits, vegetables, or meat can then expose residents to PFAS. 

The story from The Guardian regarding PFAS-tainted cattle in Michigan exemplifies this risk. Here, cattle raised near a contaminated area ended up with dangerous levels of PFAS in their meat. This raised concerns about potential exposure for consumers. The incident highlights the interconnectedness of our environment and the potential for PFAS to infiltrate our food chain.

These exposure pathways paint a clear picture: for residents living near AFFF contamination sites, PFAS contamination is not a distant threat. It’s an invisible danger lurking in their water, soil, and potentially even their food.

Potential Health Effects of the Contamination

Research on health risks from PFAS exposure is ongoing, but several potential effects have been identified, posing significant concerns for public health.

Increased Risk of Certain Cancers

Prolonged exposure to PFAS, found in firefighting foam, has been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Studies have consistently shown elevated rates of kidney, testicular, bladder, and liver cancers among individuals exposed to PFAS, reinforcing the AFFF foam cancer link. 

According to the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF), cancer has replaced heart disease as the leading cause of death among firefighters. Firefighters are particularly at risk, being twice as likely to develop testicular cancer and mesothelioma compared to the general population. This alarming trend underscores the need for stringent measures to mitigate PFAS exposure.

Manufacturers of AFFF products have faced criticism. They allegedly knew or should have known about the presence of toxic chemicals that pose cancer and other health risks.

TorHoerman Law notes that for those affected, legal recourse may be available through AFFF foam lawsuits. These legal actions seek financial compensation for individuals who have developed cancer due to exposure to AFFF foam. 

Thyroid Problems

PFAS exposure can disrupt hormone function, leading to thyroid issues. The thyroid gland is critical for regulating metabolism, growth, and development. Disruption in its function can cause hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, leading to a range of health problems.

Developmental Problems

There is growing concern about the impact of PFAS on fetal development and children’s immune systems. Exposure during pregnancy can lead to developmental delays, low birth weight, and potential long-term effects on cognitive function and immune health in children.

Other Health Concerns

High cholesterol, decreased immune function, and ulcerative colitis are additional health concerns linked to PFAS exposure. The Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine published a study examining the relationship between PFAS exposure and hyperlipidemia. 

The study included 1,600 subjects and measured nine types of PFAS. Analysis revealed that higher levels of perfluoromethylheptane sulfonic acid isomers (Sm-PFOS) were significantly associated with a 57% and 41% increase in hyperlipidemia. The association was particularly strong in individuals under 60, with an odds ratio of 1.81 for hyperlipidemia in the highest quartile of Sm-PFOS. 

Protecting Yourself from AFFF Contamination

Living near an AFFF contamination site can be unsettling, but there are steps you can take to minimize your exposure.

• Water testing and recommendations: Knowledge is power. Check with your local water authority or environmental agencies to see if your water has been tested for PFAS. If contamination is confirmed, follow any recommendations issued, such as using bottled water for drinking and cooking. 
• Dietary cautions: While the extent of PFAS contamination in food is still being investigated, a prudent approach is to minimize exposure through your diet. Consult local health advisories for guidance on potentially contaminated food sources and consider alternative options if necessary. 
• Staying informed: The research on PFAS and its health effects is constantly evolving. Stay informed by following reputable sources like the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or public health departments. These agencies can provide the latest information on PFAS risks and mitigation strategies.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is AFFF harmful to the environment?

Yes, AFFF is harmful to the environment. The foam contains PFAS that persists in soil and water, leading to widespread contamination. This poses risks to ecosystems, wildlife, and human health, necessitating strict regulations and cleanup efforts to mitigate environmental damage.

Is AFFF airborne?

Yes, AFFF can become airborne during firefighting operations or when stored improperly. This can lead to inhalation exposure for firefighters and nearby individuals, potentially exposing them to harmful PFAS chemicals present in the foam.

How do I know if I have PFAS in my body?

You can determine PFAS levels in your body through a blood test which measures current concentrations but does not define safe thresholds. Many people in the U.S. have detectable PFAS levels due to their widespread use in various products.

The legacy of AFFF casts a long shadow, raising concerns about PFAS contamination and its potential health risks for communities living nearby. While the full scope of these risks is still being studied, the evidence so far is unsettling.

This article aimed to shed light on this complex issue, exploring exposure pathways, potential health effects, and the importance of staying informed. We also highlighted steps residents can take to protect themselves and their families.

The fight for a safer future requires a multi-pronged approach. Stricter regulations on the foam’s use and the development of safer firefighting alternatives are crucial. Finally, ongoing research is essential to fully understand the health risks of PFAS exposure and develop effective mitigation strategies.